Inkomoko: Umuyoboro w’umutekano w’Ubushinwa
Amatara yihutirwa yumuriro nigice cyingenzi cyubaka ibikoresho byo gukingira umuriro nibindi bikoresho, harimo itara ryihutirwa ry’umuriro n’amatara y’ibimenyetso byihutirwa by’umuriro, bizwi kandi ko ari amatara yihutirwa n’ibimenyetso byerekana kwimuka.Igikorwa cyacyo nyamukuru ni ukumenya kwimura abakozi mu mutekano, gukomeza akazi ku biro byihariye no kurwanya inkongi z’umuriro n’ibikorwa byo gutabara mu gihe uburyo busanzwe bwo kumurika butagishoboye gutanga urumuri mu gihe umuriro.Icyangombwa cyibanze gisabwa nuko abantu bari muri iyo nyubako bashobora kumenya byoroshye aho basohokera byihutirwa ninzira yerekanwe yo kwimuka hifashishijwe urumuri runaka batitaye kumurongo rusange.
Umubare munini w’umuriro werekana ko bitewe n’imiterere idahwitse y’ibikorwa byo kwimura umutekano cyangwa kwimurwa nabi mu nyubako rusange, abakozi ntibashobora kubona neza cyangwa kumenya aho isohoka ryihutirwa ry’umuriro, ari imwe mu mpamvu nyamukuru zitera misa impanuka n’umuriro impanuka.Tugomba rero guha agaciro gakomeye niba amatara yihutirwa yumuriro ashobora kugira uruhare rukwiye mumuriro.Ufatanije n’imyitozo yimyaka myinshi yakazi kandi ukurikije ingingo zijyanye nigitabo cyerekeranye nigishushanyo mbonera cyo gukingira inyubako (GB50016-2006) (aha ni ukuvuga kode yubwubatsi), umwanditsi avuga kubitekerezo bye bwite kubijyanye no gushyira mu bikorwa gucana amatara yihutirwa mu nyubako.
1 、 Gushiraho urutonde rwamatara yihutirwa.
Ingingo ya 11.3.1 y’amabwiriza y’ubwubatsi ateganya ko ibice bikurikira by’inyubako za gisivili, inganda n’ububiko bwo mu rwego rwa C usibye inyubako zo guturamo bigomba kuba bifite amatara yaka umuriro:
1. Ingazi zifunze, ingazi zerekana umwotsi nicyumba cyacyo cyambere, icyumba cyimbere cyicyumba cyo kuzamura umuriro cyangwa icyumba gisangiwe;
2. Icyumba cyo kugenzura umuriro, icyumba cya pompe yumuriro, icyumba gitanga amashanyarazi, icyumba cyo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, kugenzura umwotsi nicyumba cyangiza imyotsi nibindi byumba bikeneye gukora bisanzwe mugihe habaye umuriro;
3. Auditorium, inzu yimurikabikorwa, inzu yubucuruzi, inzu yimirimo myinshi na resitora ifite ubuso bwubatswe burenga 400m2, na studio ifite ubwubatsi burenga 200m2;
4. Inyubako zo munsi y'ubutaka na kimwe cya kabiri cyangwa ibyumba by'ibikorwa rusange mubikorwa byo hasi no munsi yubutaka bifite ubuso bwubatswe burenga 300m2;
5. Inzira yo kwimuka munzu rusange.
Ingingo ya 11.3.4 y’amabwiriza y’ubwubatsi ateganya ko inyubako rusange, ibihingwa birebire (ububiko) n’ibyiciro byo mu cyiciro cya A, B na C bigomba kuba bifite ibimenyetso byerekana kwimuka byoroheje ku nzira nyabagendwa n’ibisohoka byihutirwa kandi hejuru y’imiryango yimuka muri ahantu hatuwe cyane.
Ingingo ya 11.3.5 y’amabwiriza y’ubwubatsi ateganya ko inyubako cyangwa ahantu bikurikira bigomba guhabwa ibimenyetso byerekana kwimuka byoroheje cyangwa ibimenyetso byerekana kwimuka mu mucyo bishobora gukomeza guhora biboneka hasi y’inzira nyabagendwa n’inzira nyamukuru zo kwimuka:
1. Inyubako zerekanwa zifite ubuso bwubatswe burenga 8000m2;
2. Amaduka yo hejuru afite ubuso bwubatswe burenga 5000m2;
3. Amaduka yo munsi y'ubutaka na kimwe cya kabiri afite ubwubatsi burenga 500m2;
4. Indirimbo n'imbyino imyidagaduro, kwerekana no kwidagadura;
5. Sinema na theatre bifite imyanya irenga 1500 na siporo ngororamubiri, inzu yimyidagaduro cyangwa inzu yimyanya ifite imyanya irenga 3000.
Inyubako yinyubako yerekana itara ryihutirwa ryumuriro nkigice cyihariye cyo gusobanura neza.Ugereranije na kode yumwimerere yo gukingira umuriro inyubako (gbj16-87), yagura cyane igenamigambi ryamatara yihutirwa yumuriro kandi ikagaragaza ishyirwaho ryamatara yihutirwa yumuriro.Kurugero, hateganijwe ko amatara yihutirwa yumuriro agomba gushyirwaho mubice byagenwe byamazu asanzwe (usibye inyubako zo guturamo) n uruganda (ububiko), inyubako rusange, uruganda rurerure (ububiko) Usibye icyiciro D na E, the inzira yo kwimuka, gusohoka byihutirwa, inzugi zimuka nibindi bice byuruganda bizashyirwaho ibimenyetso byerekana kwimuka byoroheje, kandi inyubako zifite igipimo runaka nkinyubako rusange, amaduka yo munsi y'ubutaka (igice cyo munsi y'ubutaka) n'indirimbo n'imbyino imyidagaduro n'ahantu hateganijwe imyidagaduro igomba kongerwaho urumuri rwubutaka cyangwa ibimenyetso byerekana kwimuka.
Ariko, kuri ubu, ibice byinshi byashushanyije ntibumva ibisobanuro bihagije, gushyira mubikorwa ubunebwe, no kugabanya igishushanyo gisanzwe nta burenganzira.Bakunze kwita gusa kubikorwa byamatara yihutirwa yumuriro ahantu hatuwe cyane ninyubako nini rusange.Ku nganda zamagorofa menshi (ububiko) ninyubako rusange, amatara yihutirwa yumuriro ntabwo yateguwe, cyane cyane kongeramo amatara yubutaka cyangwa ibimenyetso byerekana kwimura urumuri, bidashobora gushyirwa mubikorwa.Batekereza ko ntacyo bitwaye niba barashyizweho cyangwa badashyizweho.Iyo usuzumye igishushanyo mbonera cyo gukingira umuriro, abubatsi n’isuzuma ry’inzego zimwe na zimwe zishinzwe kugenzura inkongi z’umuriro bananiwe kugenzura byimazeyo kubera ubwumvikane buke mu gusobanukirwa n’itandukaniro ryo gusobanukirwa ibyasobanuwe, bikaviramo kunanirwa cyangwa kudashyiraho amatara yihutirwa y’umuriro muri benshi imishinga, bivamo "kuvuka" umuriro uhishe umushinga.
Niyo mpamvu, ishami rishinzwe ibishushanyo n’ishami rishinzwe kugenzura umuriro bigomba guha agaciro gakomeye igishushanyo mbonera cy’amatara yihutirwa, gutunganya abakozi gushimangira ubushakashatsi no gusobanukirwa neza n’ibisobanuro, gushimangira kumenyekanisha no gushyira mu bikorwa ibisobanuro, no kuzamura urwego rw’imyumvire.Gusa mugihe igishushanyo kibaye kandi ubugenzuzi bugenzurwa cyane dushobora kwemeza ko amatara yihutirwa yumuriro agira uruhare rukwiye mumuriro.
2 mode Uburyo bwo gutanga amashanyarazi yamatara yihutirwa.
Ingingo ya 11.1.4 y’amabwiriza y’ubwubatsi ateganya ko * * amashanyarazi azakoreshwa mu bikoresho by’amashanyarazi birwanya umuriro.Iyo umusaruro n'amashanyarazi yo mu gihugu byahagaritswe, amashanyarazi arwanya umuriro azakomeza kwizerwa.
Kugeza ubu, amatara yihutirwa yumuriro muri rusange akoresha uburyo bubiri bwo gutanga amashanyarazi: imwe nubwoko bwigenga bwigenga hamwe nimbaraga zayo bwite.Nukuvuga ko amashanyarazi asanzwe ahujwe kuva mumashanyarazi asanzwe ya 220V yamashanyarazi, kandi bateri y itara ryihutirwa irishyurwa mugihe gisanzwe.
Iyo amashanyarazi asanzwe ahagaritswe, amashanyarazi ahagarara (bateri) azatanga amashanyarazi mu buryo bwikora.Ubu bwoko bw'itara bufite ibyiza byo gushora imari no kwishyiriraho byoroshye;Ibindi ni amashanyarazi hamwe nuburyo bwo kugenzura.Nukuvuga ko, nta mashanyarazi yigenga afite mumatara yihutirwa.Iyo amashanyarazi asanzwe atangwa, azakoreshwa na sisitemu yo gutanga amashanyarazi.Ubu bwoko bwamatara bworoshye kubuyobozi bukuru kandi bufite sisitemu nziza.Mugihe uhisemo uburyo bwo gutanga amashanyarazi yamatara yihutirwa, agomba guhitamo ukurikije ibihe byihariye.
Muri rusange, ahantu hato hamwe nimishinga yo gushushanya ya kabiri, ubwoko bwigenga bwigenga hamwe nimbaraga zabwo bushobora gutoranywa.Ku mishinga mishya cyangwa imishinga ifite icyumba cyo kugenzura umuriro, amashanyarazi akomatanyirijwe hamwe nubwoko bugenzura bugomba gutoranywa uko bishoboka.
Mu kugenzura no kugenzura buri munsi, usanga bikunze gukoreshwa mumashanyarazi yonyine yigenga itara ryihutirwa ryumuriro.Buri tara muri ubu buryo rifite umubare munini wibikoresho bya elegitoronike nko guhindura voltage, guhagarika imbaraga za voltage, kwishyuza, inverter na bateri.Batare igomba kwishyurwa no gusohora mugihe itara ryihutirwa rikoreshwa, kubungabunga no kunanirwa.Kurugero, amatara asanzwe hamwe namatara yihutirwa yumuriro bifata umuzenguruko umwe, kuburyo amatara yihutirwa yumuriro akenshi aba ari muburyo bwo kwishyurwa no gusohora, Bitera igihombo kinini kuri bateri, byihutisha gusibanganya bateri yihutirwa, kandi bikomeye bigira ingaruka kumurimo wamatara.Mu gihe cyo kugenzura ahantu hamwe na hamwe, abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro bakunze gusanga ari “akamenyero” ko kurwanya inkongi z’umuriro ko uburyo bwo gucana byihutirwa budashobora gukora bisanzwe, ibyinshi bikaba biterwa no kunanirwa n’umuriro w’amashanyarazi ku matara yihutirwa y’umuriro.
Kubwibyo, mugihe cyo gusuzuma igishushanyo cyamashanyarazi, ishyirahamwe rishinzwe kugenzura umuriro rigomba kwita cyane niba amashanyarazi yatanzwe kugirango amatara yihutirwa yumuriro.
3 、 Gushyira umurongo no guhitamo insinga zamatara yihutirwa.
Ingingo ya 11.1.6 y’amabwiriza y’ubwubatsi ateganya ko umurongo wo gukwirakwiza ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi birwanya umuriro byujuje ibyifuzo by’amashanyarazi ahoraho mu gihe umuriro, kandi kuyishyiraho bigomba kubahiriza ingingo zikurikira:
1. Mugihe cyo guhisha byihishe, bizashyirwa mu muyoboro no mu miterere idashya, kandi ubunini bwurwego rurinda ntibushobora kuba munsi ya 3cm.Mugihe cyo gufungura kumugaragaro (harimo no kurambika hejuru), bizanyura mumiyoboro yicyuma cyangwa gufunga ibyuma, kandi hafatwa ingamba zo gukingira umuriro;
2. Iyo hakoreshejwe insinga zidacana umuriro cyangwa insinga zidashobora kuzimya umuriro, ingamba zo gukingira umuriro ntizishobora gufatwa kugirango zishyirwe mu mariba ya kabili no mu mwobo;
3. Iyo insinga zidafite insimburangingo zikoreshwa, zirashobora gushyirwa kumugaragaro;
4. Igomba gushyirwaho ukundi kurindi murongo wo gukwirakwiza;Iyo ishyizwe mu mwobo umwe, igomba gutondekwa kumpande zombi zumwobo.
Amatara yihutirwa yumuriro akoreshwa cyane muburyo bwo kubaka, ahanini bikubiyemo ibice rusange byinyubako.Niba umuyoboro udashyizweho, biroroshye cyane gutera uruziga rufunguye, umuzunguruko mugufi no kumeneka kumashanyarazi mumuriro, ibyo ntibizatuma amatara yihutirwa agira uruhare rukwiye, ahubwo azanateza izindi mpanuka nimpanuka.Amatara yihutirwa afite amashanyarazi akomatanyije afite ibyangombwa bisabwa kumurongo, kubera ko amashanyarazi yaya matara yihutirwa ahujwe numurongo munini wibibaho.Igihe cyose igice kimwe cyumurongo wangiritse cyangiritse cyangwa amatara azunguruka mugihe gito, amatara yihutirwa kumurongo wose azangirika.
Mu igenzura ry’umuriro no kwakira imishinga imwe n'imwe, usanga akenshi usanga iyo imirongo y’amatara yihutirwa y’umuriro ihishe, umubyimba w’urwego rukingira ntushobora kuzuza ibisabwa, nta ngamba zo gukumira umuriro zifatwa iyo zashyizwe ahagaragara, insinga koresha insinga zisanzwe zometse cyangwa insinga ya aluminiyumu, kandi nta muyoboro uhari cyangwa ufunze ibyuma bifunga kurinda.Nubwo ingamba zafashwe zo gukingira umuriro zafashwe, ingofero, udusanduku duhuza hamwe n’ibihuza byinjijwe mu matara ntibishobora kurindwa neza, cyangwa no kugaragara hanze.Amatara amwe yihutirwa yumuriro ahujwe na sock hamwe numurongo usanzwe wamatara inyuma ya switch.Ubu buryo butari busanzwe bwo gushyiraho no gushiraho amatara buramenyerewe mumishinga yo gushushanya no kwiyubaka ahantu hamwe na hamwe, kandi ingaruka zatewe nazo ni mbi cyane.
Tugomba rero kubahiriza byimazeyo amabwiriza n'amabwiriza bijyanye n’igihugu, dushimangira kurinda no gutoranya umurongo wo gukwirakwiza amatara yihutirwa y’umuriro, kugura no gukoresha ibicuruzwa, insinga n’insinga byujuje ubuziranenge bw’igihugu, kandi tugakora akazi keza muri kurinda umuriro kumurongo wo kugabura.
4 、 Imikorere n'imiterere y'amatara yihutirwa yumuriro.
Ingingo ya 11.3.2 y’amabwiriza y’ubwubatsi iteganya ko kumurika amatara yaka umuriro byihutirwa mu nyubako byujuje ibi bikurikira:
1. Ubutaka bwo hasi kumurika inzira yimuka ntigomba kuba munsi ya 0.5lx;
2. Ubutaka bwo hasi kumurika ahantu hatuwe cyane ntibushobora kuba munsi ya 1LX;
3. Ubutaka bwo hasi kumurika ingazi ntibugomba kuba munsi ya 5lx;
4. Amatara yihutirwa yicyumba cyo kugenzura umuriro, icyumba cya pompe yumuriro, icyumba cyatanze amashanyarazi, icyumba cyo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, kugenzura umwotsi n’icyumba gisohora umwotsi n’ibyumba bikeneye gukora bisanzwe mu gihe umuriro uba uzakomeza kumurika bisanzwe kumurika.
Ingingo ya 11.3.3 y’amabwiriza y’ubwubatsi ateganya ko amatara yihutirwa y’umuriro agomba gushyirwa ku gice cyo hejuru cy’urukuta, ku gisenge cyangwa hejuru yo gusohoka.
Ingingo ya 11.3.4 y’amabwiriza y’ubwubatsi ateganya ko gushyiraho ibimenyetso byerekana kwimura urumuri bigomba kubahiriza ingingo zikurikira:
1. "Gusohoka byihutirwa" bizakoreshwa nkikimenyetso cyerekana hejuru yumuryango wihutirwa no gusohoka;
2. Ibimenyetso byerekana kwimuka byashyizwe kumuhanda wo kwimuka bizashyirwa kurukuta munsi ya 1m uvuye hasi kumuhanda wimuka no mu mfuruka yacyo, kandi umwanya wibimenyetso byerekana kwimuka ntushobora kurenza 20m.Kumuhanda wogufuka, ntushobora kurenza 10m, kandi mugice cyumuhanda, ntushobora kurenza 1m.Amatara y'ibimenyetso byihutirwa yashyizwe hasi agomba kwemeza guhora areba kandi umwanya ntushobora kurenza 5m.
Kugeza ubu, ibibazo bitanu bikurikira bikunze kugaragara mubikorwa no gutunganya amatara yihutirwa yumuriro: icya mbere, amatara yihutirwa yumuriro agomba gushyirwaho mubice bireba ntabwo yashyizweho;Icya kabiri, umwanya wamatara yihutirwa yumuriro ni muto cyane, umubare ntuhagije, kandi kumurika ntibishobora kuba byujuje ibisabwa;Icya gatatu, amatara yerekana ibimenyetso byumuriro yashyizwe kumuhanda wa evacuation ntabwo yashyizwe kurukuta munsi ya 1m, umwanya wo kuyishyiraho ni muremure cyane, kandi intera nini cyane, irenga intera ya 20m isabwa nibisobanuro, cyane cyane mumihanda yimifuka. n'inzira nyabagendwa ahantu, umubare wamatara ntuhagije kandi intera ni nini cyane;Icya kane, ikimenyetso cyihutirwa cyumuriro cyerekana icyerekezo kibi kandi ntigishobora kwerekana neza icyerekezo cyo kwimuka;Icya gatanu, amatara yerekana ubutaka cyangwa ibimenyetso byerekana kwimura ububiko ntibigomba gushyirwaho, cyangwa nubwo byashyizweho, ntibishobora kwemeza ko bikomeza.
Kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibibazo byavuzwe haruguru, ishyirahamwe rishinzwe kugenzura umuriro rigomba gushimangira kugenzura no kugenzura ahazubakwa, gushaka ibibazo mu gihe no guhagarika kubaka mu buryo butemewe.Muri icyo gihe, birakenewe kugenzura byimazeyo ibyakiriwe kugirango harebwe niba amatara yihutirwa yumuriro yujuje ubuziranenge kandi atunganijwe neza.
5 quality Ibicuruzwa byamatara yihutirwa yumuriro.
Mu 2007, intara yakoze ubugenzuzi no kugenzura ku bicuruzwa bitangiza umuriro.Hatoranijwe ibyiciro 19 byibikoresho byo kurwanya umuriro byihutirwa byatoranijwe, kandi ibyiciro 4 gusa byujuje ibyangombwa, naho ibipimo byujuje ibyangombwa byari 21% gusa.Ibisubizo byagenzuwe byerekana ko ibicuruzwa byaka umuriro byihutirwa bifite ibibazo bikurikira: icya mbere, gukoresha bateri ntabwo byujuje ibisabwa bisanzwe.Kurugero: bateri ya aside-aside, eshatu nta bateri cyangwa idahuye na bateri yo kugenzura ibyemezo;Icya kabiri, ubushobozi bwa bateri ni buke kandi igihe cyihutirwa ntabwo kijyanye nibisanzwe;Icya gatatu, hejuru yo gusohora no hejuru yumuzamu wo kurinda ntabwo bigira uruhare rukwiye.Ibi biterwa cyane cyane nuko bamwe mubakora inganda bahindura imirongo yibicuruzwa byarangiye nta ruhushya bagamije kugabanya ibiciro, no koroshya cyangwa kudashyira hejuru yo gusohora no hejuru yumuzunguruko wokwirinda;Icya kane, hejuru yubuso mubihe byihutirwa ntibishobora kubahiriza ibisabwa bisanzwe, umucyo nturinganiza, kandi icyuho ni kinini.
Ibipimo byigihugu byerekana ibimenyetso byumutekano wumuriro gb13495 namatara yihutirwa yumuriro GB17945 yashyizeho ingingo zisobanutse kubipimo bya tekiniki, imikorere yibigize, ibisobanuro hamwe nicyitegererezo cyamatara yihutirwa.Kugeza ubu, amwe mu matara yihutirwa y’umuriro yakozwe kandi akagurishwa ku isoko ntabwo yujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa ku isoko kandi ntabwo yabonye raporo y’ubugenzuzi bw’ubwoko bw’igihugu.Ibicuruzwa bimwe ntabwo byujuje ubuziranenge mubijyanye no guhuza ibicuruzwa kandi ibicuruzwa bimwe binanirwa gutsinda ikizamini cyimikorere.Bamwe mubakora ibicuruzwa bitemewe, abagurisha ndetse na raporo yubugenzuzi bwibinyoma batanga no kugurisha ibicuruzwa byimpimbano kandi bitemewe cyangwa ibicuruzwa bidahwitse, bihungabanya cyane isoko ryibicuruzwa byumuriro.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, ishyirahamwe rishinzwe kugenzura inkongi y'umuriro rigomba, hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’amategeko agenga kurinda umuriro n’amategeko y’ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa, gushimangira kugenzura no kugenzura ku buryo butunguranye ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa by’amatara yihutirwa y’umuriro, gukora iperereza ryimbitse no guhangana n’imyitwarire idahwitse y’ibicuruzwa n’igurisha bitemewe. binyuze mumasoko atunguranye no kugenzura ahabigenewe, kugirango asukure isoko ryibicuruzwa byumuriro.
Igihe cyoherejwe: Werurwe-19-2022
